Rosenlund Meters, Berglind Letter, Hallqvist J, Bellander T, Bluhm Grams. 2005. Every day intake away from magnesium and you can calcium supplements out of h2o into the family members in order to myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 16(4):570-576.
Rubenowitz Age, Axelsson Grams, Rylander R. 1996. Magnesium within the liquids and passing of serious myocardial infarction. Am J Epidemiol 143(5):456-462.
Rubenowitz E, Axelsson G, Rylander Roentgen. 1999. Magnesium and you may calcium supplements inside 
Dating out of gel and you may weightloss magnesium in order to experience blood pressure: this new Atherosclerosis Chance into the Organizations (ARIC) Data
Rubenowitz E, Molin We, Axelsson Grams, Rylander Roentgen. 2000. Magnesium into the liquid in terms of morbidity and you may mortality of severe myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 11(4):416-421.
Sauvant MP, Pepin D. 2000. Geographical type of your mortality from heart problems and you may drinking water from inside the a beneficial French small urban area (Puy de- Dome). Environ Res 84(3):219-227.
Wanting a competent construction for evaluating exposure-problem relationships during the an assembled cohort
Sinclair Ml, Schlosser O. 2007. Liquid softening: epidemiological proof towards the calcium and you may magnesium during the drinking water and you can cardio problem. Water21 – Journal of In the world Liquid Connection Feb:8-19.
Theophanides T, Angiboust JF, Polissiou M, Anastassopoulou J, Manfait Meters. 1990. You are able to part out-of water build from inside the physical magnesium assistance. Magnes Res step three(1):5-13.
van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, van’t Veer P, Volovics An excellent, Hermus RJ, Sturmans F. 1990. An enormous-measure prospective cohort learn from diet and cancers from the Netherlands. J Clin Epidemiol 43(3):285-295.
VEWIN (Vereniging van Exploitanten van Waterbedrijven in the Nederland). 1986. Statistiek wateronderzoek 1986 [inside the Dutch]. Rijswijk:Vereniging van Exploitanten van Waterbedrijven during the Nederland.
Exactly who. 1979. Health Results of the removal of Substances Happening Naturally in the Consuming drinking water, with Unique Reference to Demineralized and you may Desalinated Liquid. EURO Reports and you will Studies sixteen. Copenhagen: Community Health Company Regional Workplace to own Europe.
Exactly who. 2006. Which Conference of Professionals with the You’ll be able to Protective Effect of Tough Liquid Up against Heart problems, Arizona, D.C. United states, 27-, Geneva: Business Health Team. Available: [utilized ].
Just who. 2008. Who Meeting of Masters to the It is possible to Defensive Aftereffect of Hard Liquids Against Heart disease, 21-. Geneva:Globe Health Business.
Yang CY, Chang CC, Tsai SS, Chiu HF. 2006. Calcium supplements and you may magnesium from inside the h2o and you can chance of dying away from acute myocardial infarction into the Taiwan. Environ Res 101(3):407-411.
Lina J. Leurs, (1) Leo J. Schouten, (1) Margreet N. Mons, (2) R. Alexandra Goldbohm, (3) and PietA. van den Brandt (1)
(1) Maastricht College or university, GROW-College or university getting Oncology and you may Developmental Biology, Service out of Epidemiology, Maastricht, the netherlands; (2) KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the netherlands; (3) TNO Total well being, Service regarding Prevention and you may Wellness, Leiden, the netherlands
Target correspondence so you can L.J. Leurs, Maastricht College or university, GROW-College or university to own Oncology and you can Developmental Biology, Company away from Epidemiology, P.O. Package 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, holland. Telephone: 31 0 43 3882392. Fax: 31 0 43 3884128. E-mail:
We’re in debt on professionals associated with investigation and require saying thanks to the newest Dutch Main Bureau from Genealogy and you will Analytics Netherlands to possess delivering research. I also thank A great. Volovics and you can A good. Kester getting analytical pointers; S. van de- Crommert, H. Brants, J. Nelissen, C. de Zwart, Meters. Moll, W. van Dijk, and A great. Pisters for guidelines; and H. van Montfort, T. van Moergasiel, L. van den Bosch, R. Schmeitz, and you may J. Berben to own programming assistance.
So it endeavor try held from inside the Joint Research System of your Dutch liquids businesses by boffins regarding Maastricht School and you can KWR, Watercycle Search Institute. This research try funded because of the KWR, Watercycle Browse Institute.
R.A good.Grams. and Yards.Letter.M. benefit asking people (TNO Standard of living and you may KWR, respectively); yet not, none possess ever did any earlier research on newest topic described from the manuscript. Additionally, outside post on the shape and performance was held from the a good Scientific Advisory Panel consisting of P. Huntsman (School of East Anglia), R. Rylander (emeritus professor), and you can M.We. Sinclair (Drinking water Quality Look Australian continent Minimal, Monash School).
Very degree that advertised an enthusiastic inverse connection between liquids stiffness and IHD otherwise coronary attack death was indeed ecologic degree (Kousa et al. 2004, 2006, 2008; Maheswaran ainsi que al. 1999; ; Sauvant and you will Pepin 2000). The fresh new accuracy of those variety of knowledge is often expected while the of you are able to ecologic fallacy. A handful of instance-control and you will cohort education with little or no modifications to possess confounding products along with ideal a possible protective effect of h2o stiffness, calcium supplements otherwise magnesium density inside h2o, for the mortality due to IHD otherwise coronary arrest (Luoma mais aussi al. 1983; Punsar and you can Karvonen 1979; Rubenowitz ainsi que al. 1996, 1999; Yang 1998; Yang mais aussi al. 2006). While doing so, extremely case-handle and you can cohort knowledge one to modified to possess a huge number of potential confounders, instance cardiovascular risk circumstances and you may h2o services, discover zero relationship ranging from drinking water firmness and IHD or heart attack death (Comstock mais aussi al. 1980; Morris mais aussi al. 2001; Rosenlund ainsi que al. 2005). The newest different was the actual situation-handle study conducted of the Rubenowitz mais aussi al. (2000) that claimed down mortality out of severe myocardial infarction ( not to the full incidence) and you will magnesium inside the liquids immediately after adjusting having a general spectrum out of potential confounders.
Mineral consumption is modified to possess time intake because of the residual means (Willett and you can Stampfer 1986). The newest questionnaire studies was in fact key-inserted twice and canned inside the a standardized style blinded in accordance in order to instance/subcohort status to attenuate observer prejudice from inside the coding and data translation.
The analyzed exposure variables were total tap water hardness, tap water magnesium, and calcium concentration. In the multivariate analysis, we corrected for potential confounding of other known IHD risk factors: age at baseline (years), cigarette smoking (coded as current vs. never/former smoker and number of cigarettes smoked per day, and years of active smoking), hypertension (yes/no), diabetes (yes/no), body mass index (BMI) (coded as < 18.5 kg/[m.sup.2], 18.5-25 kg/[m.sup.2], 25-30 kg/[m.sup.2], [greater than or equal to] 30 kg/[m.sup.2]), nonoccupational physical activity (coded in tour categories: very little, average, active, or very active), educational level [coded as primary school, lower vocational, high school (junior and senior), and higher vocational/university], total energy intake (kilocalories per day), alcohol consumption (coded in five categories: 0 g/day, 0.1-5 g/day, 5-15 g/day, 15-30 g/day, 2 30 g/day). energy-adjusted saturated/monounsaturated/ polyunsaturated fat consumption (grams per day), and fruit and vegetable consumption (grams per day). We included additional factors that influence the amount of calcium or magnesium absorption from tap water: use of diuretics (yes/no), multivitamin intake (yes/no), calcium supplement intake (yes/no), energy-adjusted dietary calcium and magnesium consumption (milligrams per clay), and total volume of tap water consumption (milliliters per day) (Elin 1988; Greenland et al. 2003; Hornstra et al. 1998; Wilson 1999). When tap water calcium concentration (milligrams per liter) was analyzed, additional adjustment for tap water magnesium concentration (milligrams per liter) occurred and vice versa.
Gillies Me, Paulin HV. 1983. Variability out of mineral consumption out-of drinking water: a possible need with the conflict along the matchmaking from drinking water quality so you can cardiovascular illnesses. Int J Epidemiol 12(1):45-50.